E-Commerce Purchasing Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web based business Purchasing Behavior - Assignment Example 5. I stress over giving money related and individual data, regardless of whether it’s safe to utilize a Mastercard; retailers have adequate controls set up to guard my information; individual data stays private 6. The web seller would be equipped, legit, and not try to exploit me. For me, it’s significant that the item be conveyed in an opportune manner, that a web seller be straightforward in its dealings and not try to exploit its clients 12. I accept that carrier sites have the fundamental innovation information, will perform to the most extreme for their customers’ advantage, and that specialized disappointment is quite improbable. I can generally foresee the exhibition of the sites from my past experience. I will in general loosen up when I’m managing carrier sites; they show the airlines’ conviction that the client is in every case right 19. A dependable site will guarantee the item is solid; an online store that appears to be solid will urge me to repurchase all the more frequently. I will repurchase if the buy terms and conditions are clear and the specialized foundation is trustworthy 5. I stress over giving monetary and individual data, regardless of whether it’s safe to utilize a charge card; web based business retailers have adequate controls set up to guard my information; individual data stays private 6. The internet business merchant would be capable, genuine, and not look to exploit me. For me, it’s significant that the item be conveyed in a convenient manner, that an online seller be straightforward in its dealings and not try to exploit its clients 12. I accept that carrier sites have the vital innovation information, will perform to the most extreme for their customers’ advantage, and that specialized disappointment is quite impossible. I can generally anticipate the online presentation from my past experience. I will in general loosen up when I’m managing carrier

Is the Bible divinely inspired Essay Example

Is the Bible supernaturally propelled Essay To state that the Bible is supernaturally propelled is recommending that individuals who were given powerful impact from God composed it. Its not quite the same as accepting the Bible is only the expression of man. It seems as though God places words into people groups heads and they move them to paper. This is the strict perspective on the Bible; individuals who take a gander at the Bible in this light accept everybody as totally certifiable and noteworthy. Just by perusing the Bible no doubt this doesnt bode well, as in the Bible there are botches. In the Bible there are a few proclamations that appear to be outrageous or strange these would more than likely be considered as slip-ups. On the off chance that anyway God were great, which he is considered by Christians to be, at that point definitely these errors would not exist.However the Bible is of cause supposed to be the expression of God, so without taking this so actually it more likely than not been roused here and there. The re is a major contrast between something that is supernaturally propelled and something that is essentially enlivened. A significant part of the Bible was composed at the time Jesus strolled the Earth such a large number of individuals who saw Jesus were without a doubt impacted by him and would record all they new about him. They might not have been legitimately impacted by the heavenly (God), however they were motivated by what they saw of his child on Earth.This would appear to be increasingly coherent and would go some approach to clarifying the slip-ups found in the Bible. This resembles the view the Conservative Christians would take on the Bible. They understand the Bible is roused by God however take a gander at the missteps and change so as to understand that it cannot be the veritable word from God. Not at all like the Literal view the preservationist see permits some space for the person to decipher what they think an entry is attempting to pass on. Strict devotees acknow ledge each word to be accurate and attempt to follow what it says, as it is the thing that God says. This has its defeats however, as certain territories of the Bible repudiate each other.The most effortless case of this would be the creation story, the Bible contains two distinct records, and simpletons would however express that one is essentially a translation of the other. Various individuals take a gander at the Bible in an unexpected way, thus some believe it to be the veritable word from God. Then again some would take a considerably more liberal view, they accept the books are impacted by their others own lives instead of by direct impact from God. These adherents would in any case accept that God affected the Bible, however not by straightforwardly speaking with the creators. These Christians would concur that Jesus life on Earth vigorously affected what was composed down.Despite a few people taking the Bible truly, and others considering it to be a greater amount of a reco rd about God, there are a few people who decided to acknowledge a few sections yet not others. This perspective is mainstream among Catholic Christians; they permit choices on what entries intend to be made by the Church, generally by means of the Pope. This doesnt permit the person to just do what they feel the Bible is advising them to do.Personally I think the preservationist see is the most ideal approach to move toward the Bible, it must be given position yet we should likewise acknowledge there are blunders in its text.It truly is the fundamental proof, which gives a record of Jesus life and furthermore a depiction of what God is and what he does. To me in spite of the fact that the idea of the Bible being supernaturally motivated appears to be consoling, it doesnt appear to be practical. Indeed, even basic inquiries appear to recommend against God moving the Bible, for example, why have such a large number of writers on the off chance that everything originated from one being ?Christians should peruse the Bible as a book which was composed when God related nearer with people, and acknowledge that correspondence and language have changed extraordinarily since, thus the way that a few stories some lost in the cutting edge variant of the Bible. It isnt conceivable to preclude the Bible being supernaturally enlivened however it appears to be sensible for it to have been about God instead of by God.I would concur there are portions of the Bible were prophets have been addressed by God and have recorded their disclosure, yet we cannot treat the whole book along these lines. Is the Bible supernaturally motivated Essay Example Is the Bible supernaturally motivated Essay To state that the Bible is supernaturally motivated is proposing that individuals who were given powerful impact from God composed it. Its not the same as accepting the Bible is only the expression of man. It seems as though God places words into people groups heads and they move them to paper. This is the strict perspective on the Bible; individuals who take a gander at the Bible in this light accept everybody as totally veritable and huge. Essentially by perusing the Bible no doubt this doesnt bode well, as in the Bible there are botches. In the Bible there are a few articulations that appear to be extraordinary or strange these would more than likely be considered as errors. On the off chance that anyway God were great, which he is considered by Christians to be, at that point clearly these slip-ups would not exist.However the Bible is of cause supposed to be the expression of God, so without taking this so actually it more likely than not been propelled somehow or another. There is a major distinction between something that is supernaturally propelled and something that is basically roused. A great part of the Bible was composed at the time Jesus strolled the Earth such a significant number of individuals who saw Jesus were without a doubt affected by him and would record all they new about him. They might not have been legitimately affected by the celestial (God), yet they were roused by what they saw of his child on Earth.This would appear to be increasingly intelligent and would go some approach to clarifying the mix-ups found in the Bible. This resembles the view the Conservative Christians would take on the Bible. They understand the Bible is propelled by God yet take a gander at the missteps and change so as to understand that it cannot be the certifiable word from God. Not at all like the Literal view the preservationist see permits some space for the person to decipher what they think an entry is attempting to pass on. Strict devotees acknowledge ea ch word to be accurate and attempt to follow what it says, as it is the thing that God says. This has its defeats however, as certain regions of the Bible repudiate each other.The least demanding case of this would be the creation story, the Bible contains two distinct records, and simpletons would however express that one is basically an understanding of the other. Various individuals take a gander at the Bible in an unexpected way, thus some believe it to be the authentic word from God. Then again some would take a substantially more liberal view, they accept the books are impacted by their others own lives instead of by direct impact from God. These devotees would at present accept that God impacted the Bible, however not by straightforwardly speaking with the creators. These Christians would concur that Jesus life on Earth intensely affected what was composed down.Despite a few people taking the Bible actually, and others considering it to be a greater amount of a record about G od, there are a few people who decided to acknowledge a few sections yet not others. This perspective is famous among Catholic Christians; they permit choices on what sections intend to be made by the Church, for the most part through the Pope. This doesnt permit the person to just do what they feel the Bible is advising them to do.Personally I think the traditionalist view is the most ideal approach to move toward the Bible, it must be given position yet we should likewise acknowledge there are mistakes in its text.It truly is the primary proof, which gives a record of Jesus life and furthermore a depiction of what God is and what he does. To me despite the fact that the idea of the Bible being supernaturally motivated appears to be soothing, it doesnt appear to be sensible. Indeed, even basic inquiries appear to propose against God rousing the Bible, for example, why have such a significant number of writers on the off chance that everything originated from one being?Christians sh ould peruse the Bible as a book which was composed when God related nearer with people, and acknowledge that correspondence and language have changed extraordinarily since, henceforth the way that a few stories some lost in the cutting edge rendition of the Bible. It isnt conceivable to preclude the Bible being supernaturally motivated however it appears to be consistent for it to have been about God as opposed to by God.I would concur there are portions of the Bible were prophets have been addressed by God and have recorded their disclosure, yet we cannot treat the whole book along these lines.

Professor Sarah Holloway on Social Entrepreneurship Empathy is the number one skill needed to be a successful social entrepreneur. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Professor Sarah Holloway on Social Entrepreneurship Empathy is the number one skill needed to be a successful social entrepreneur. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Were resharing this piece on Professor Sarah Holloway from Columbia News. Having worked in the public and nonprofit sector for 25 years,  Sarah Holloway, a member of the SIPA faculty and Social Entrepreneur in Residence at the  Columbia Startup Lab, understands what it takes to make a difference in the fast-changing world of socially responsible businesses. She teaches knowledge and skills essential for non-profit, for-profit and social enterprise management at Columbia and is often seen around the Lab at WeWork Soho West, answering questions and giving feedback to teams from the more than 70 alumni entrepreneurs. Professor Holloway mentors students competing for the SIPAs  Dean’s Public Policy Challenge Grant, which awards a total of  $50,000  annually to  two or three innovative projects that use digital technology and data to improve the global urban environment. She has also helped launch a number of social enterprise startups in the New York metro area that focus on education and urban technology, including MOUSE.org and Computer Science for All (CSforALL). Q.  What is social entrepreneurship? A.  Social entrepreneurship is the practice of solving global social problems through market-based strategies.  Social entrepreneurs are empathetic, adaptable, patient and build with, not for.  They know and listen to their customer.  Technology is a tool that  can be used to  support  growth, scale and transparency. Q.  How does entrepreneurship work in different cultural settings? The key is that the entrepreneur be authentic and, as a result, really know their customer.  The most successful social entrepreneurs either come from the geography they are supporting or have experienced the challenge they are trying to solve.  The skills are the same no matter where you are starting out.  That said, I believe, it is slightly easier perhaps to be an entrepreneur in the United States  as the ecosystem of support is broader and, at the moment, there are more sources of capital available. Q.  What are some of the critical social entrepreneurial skills essential for todays business environment? As mentioned, empathy is the No. 1 skill needed to be a successful social entrepreneur.  Entrepreneurs also need to be passionate about their work, scrappy, resilient, open to change, and they should be able to wear many hats as social enterprises are often under resourced. Its quite common in a  startup environment for the CEO to play the role of COO, CFO, CIO and Chief Everything Officer. Q.  Share with us some of the best social entrepreneurship examples that make  business sense. I think  Warby Parker, the glasses company and lifestyle brand, and their give one get one campaign  is an example of a for profit social enterprise that is doing it almost perfectly. Warby is a multimillion dollar company that has built giving back into everything they do.  They have successfully hacked the glasses industry by producing equal quality for a fraction of the cost  and, in turn, have left room to be able to give back to date over 5 million glasses have been distributed and for free. In terms of a nonprofit social enterprise, I love the work that Five One Labs is doing in Iraq. Founded by two SIPA alumni Alice Bosley and Patricia Letayf,  Five One Labs  is now a massive support network and incubator for refugee entrepreneurs living in Iraq. In less than two years, they have developed such a tight, well-oiled model that continues to pivot and pilot new ideas. As a result, they keep getting it right. They are so hands on and holistic in their service model that they are im pacting every single person they serve. I think they are amazing! Q.  What are the biggest misconceptions about social entrepreneurship? That it is easy to get something off the ground.  It takes years and years.  You have to be persistent and patient.  Another myth is that if you have an amazing, unique and innovative idea, it is easy to sell and raise money.  Sometimes the best ideas never get funded. Those that know best how to market themselves and tell the  best stories usually have their ideas get funded.

Legalized Gambling Would Decrease The Crime Rate Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many factors have influenced the rising crime rate, some being, increasing use of drugs, increasing population, and decreasing morals. America must find ways to decrease the crime rate legally. One question often going hand in hand with decreasing crime rate is would legalized gambling decrease the crime rate? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the late 1980’s and early 1990’s slow economic growth, cuts in federal funding, and growing public needs forced state and local governments to seek additional sources of revenue. Most states turned to lotteries, horse and dog racing, and most recently a growing number of states have resorted to casino gambling as a painless way to raise money. Case studies show†¦show more content†¦The numbers game is a sideline game of the lotteries. Originally, lotteries were used to raise money for civic or charitable causes, while numbers was played to earn money for the Lottery Company. It is commonly believed that the â€Å"numbers’ game gave rise to gambling syndicates ( 132). Betting on horses or Horse books is run by a â€Å"bookie†. The racetrack-licensed bookies to accept bets at the tracks, for that privilege, bookies paid the racetrack operators a daily fee, usually around $100 a day. The most popular form of illegal g ambling is gambling on sporting events (133). There are four states that allow betting on sports, these are Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Oregon (PBS 1). Some estimate that professional football alone attracts $50 billion in wages per season (Begun et al. 133). Sports cards are very popular for the $1 to $10 sports bettor. Sports cards are also run by a â€Å"bookie†. A bettor selects a team that he or she thinks will win and tears off a card stub and submits the cards before the start of the game (134). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There has been an increase in the use of loopholes in the government, an example of this would be gambling on cruise ships. In 1992, Congress was forced to approve a general maritime law (PL-102-251). This law permitted gambling on American registered cruise ships once they were more than 3 miles offshore, on international voyages. This law possessed one flaw. Out of over 100 American docked ships, only 2 percentShow MoreRelatedLegalized Gambling Would Decrease the Crime Rate1796 Words   |  8 PagesMany factors have influenced the rising crime rate, some being, increasing use of drugs, increasing population, and decreasing morals. America must find ways to decrease the crime rate legally. One question often going hand in hand with decreasing crime rate is would legalized gambling decrease the crime rate? During the late 1980s and early 1990s slow economic growth, cuts in federal funding, and growing public needs forced state and local governments to seek additional sources of revenueRead MoreGambling in The Bahamas: Should it Be Legalized? 1821 Words   |  7 PagesBahamians about their views on gambling. The referendum asked Bahamians if they supported the regularization and taxation of web shop gaming. As noted in the results, the mass of the Bahamian people voted no against the referendum. Today, the gambling issue has reawakened and Bahamians are now in a fight against the laws of their country. Several Bahamians believe that the law discriminates against Bahamians because it prohibits Bahamians from owning and legally gambling in casinos within in their homelandRead MoreShould Gambling Be Legalized?971 Words   |  4 PagesToday, gambling is not allowed in some countries, but it is legal only in some areas in the United States. Some people are in favor of gambling because th ey find their entertainment in playing in casinos. Gambling is to take risks and play the games for money. Most people believe that gambling should not be legal because gambling activities do not benefit our communities and eventually causes: increased taxes, a loss of jobs and money. However, my opponents believe that gambling and casinos areRead MoreLegalized Gambling in Hawaii1683 Words   |  7 Pagesstreets, and do the unthinkable. The tolerance of drugs, prostitution, gambling, 24-hour liquor sales, gang violence, and the emphasis on the nightlife give Las Vegas its nickname, Sin City. Also known as The Entertainment Capital of the World, Las Vegas is a world-wide attraction for people from all walks of life. Whether visitors are seeking relaxation in one of Las Vegas’s five-star hotel casinos along with entertainment, gambling, shopping, and fine dining; employment or a new home in the nation’sRead More The Case Against Legalized Gambling Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe gambling industry is a big money maker in America. Gambling institutions exist in many states. These institutions consist of riverboat casinos, Indian reservation casinos, and regular gaming casinos that all accumulate millions of dollars to the state through taxes. This tax money is then used throughout the state for many programs that may include education, health, and road maintenance. The American Gaming Association (A GA) even claims that gambling institutions lower the taxes in many areasRead MoreThe Effects of Gambling on Society1594 Words   |  7 PagesAs gambling becomes more and more prevalent in todays society, one must look at the positive and negative aspects of the construction of casinos and other gambling establishments. While casinos have been shown to benefit local economies by creating jobs and generating tax revenues, they also lead to many social problems such as increased suicide, crime, accident, and high-school drop out rates. For example, in Indiana, a study shows its ten riverboat casinos are to blame for $1 million worth ofRead MoreShould Sports Be Legalized?978 Words   |  4 PagesSome jobs would also be created if online gambling was legalized. Many of the existing online gambling sites would move their operations to the United States, while other sites would be newly created in here. The jobs created would range from computer programmers to customer service jobs (R ousu). Our economy is always looking for new jobs to decrease the unemployment rate. This is a great way to lower unemployment and increase the economy at the same time. In Canada, the provinces experience additionalRead MoreShould Gambling Be Legalized? Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesGambling has become a major industry in the United States. In 2014 American casinos earned almost $38 billion, an increase of more than $5 billion over ten years (Scwhartz, 2015). Part of the increase comes from more states allowing commercial gambling. Since 2005 Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Ohio and Pennsylvania have all legalized casinos. However, gambling has negative side effects. In 2012 5.77 million problem gamblers existed in the country costing states $60.6 million (Marotta, Bahan, RynoldsRead MoreLegalized Gaming in Mississippi Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesLegalized Gaming in Mississippi Once given up dead, Biloxi this summer celebrates the 10th anniversary of a casino-driven rebirth that has been dubbed The Mississippi Coast Miracle (Biloxi, Miss., Celebrates... 1). In 1992 the first legalized gaming facilities opened on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The casinos gave Mississippis economy the boost it has needed for a long time. Religious groups and other activists were against the legalization of gaming because theyRead MoreGambling in America: Is Legalized Gambling in America the Right Choice?2869 Words   |  12 PagesRecently, a new, debatable topic has hit Americans in a swift manner. Should gambling be legalized in their respective states? As you may already know, gambling is the act of risking something of value for a potential chance of profit. â€Å"Not that long ago, Americans held gambling in the same esteem as heroin dealing† (Popkin Hetter 17). Today, however, people see gambling not as bad as it used to be. In fact, according to a Harrah’s survey, thirty two percent of all households in the United States

Convert Frequency to Wavelength Worked Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to find the wavelength of light from the frequency. Frequency vs Wavelength The wavelength of light (or other waves) is the distance between subsequent crests, valleys, or other fixed points. The frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point in one second. Frequency and wavelength are related terms used to describe electromagnetic radiation or light. One simple equation is used to convert between them: frequency x wavelength speed of light ÃŽ » v c, when ÃŽ » is wavelength, v is frequency, and c is the speed of light so wavelength speed of light / frequency frequency speed of light / wavelength The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. The usual unit for frequency is Hertz or Hz, which is 1 oscillation per second. Wavelength is reported in units of distance, which often ranges from nanometers to meters. Conversions between frequency and wavelength most often involve wavelength in meters because thats how most people remember the speed of light in a vacuum. Key Takeaways: Frequency to Wavelength Conversion Frequency is how many waves pass a defined point per second. Wavelength is the distance between successive peaks or valleys of a wave.Frequency multiplied by wavelength equals the speed of light. So, if you know either the frequency or the wavelength you can calculate the other value. Frequency To Wavelength Conversion Problem The Aurora Borealis is a night display in the Northern latitudes caused by ionizing radiation interacting with the Earths magnetic field and the upper atmosphere. The distinctive green color is caused by the interaction of the radiation with oxygen and has a frequency of 5.38 x 1014 Hz. What is the wavelength of this light?Solution:The speed of light, c, is equal to the product of the wavelength, lamda;, and the frequency, ÃŽ ½.ThereforeÃŽ » c/ÃŽ ½ÃŽ » 3 x 108 m/sec/(5.38 x 1014 Hz)ÃŽ » 5.576 x 10-7 m1 nm 10-9 mÃŽ » 557.6 nmAnswer:The wavelength of the green light is 5.576 x 10-7 m or 557.6 nm.

Discrimination Free Essays

It is about difference, and its value is the richness and variety that different people bring to society. There are so many ways in which people differ from each other. Examples are: Appearance-ability Gender-Talent Race-Beliefs Culture Equality: -Promotion of individual rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is about treating people fairly, regardless of their differences by ensuring that they have access to the same life opportunities as everyone else. People have equal opportunities as everyone else. People have equal opportunities for everything. Examples: -Equal wages for the employees with same qualification, experience doing the same job. Bonus is fixed according to proper performance based measurements. Inclusion: It is about ensuring that there are no barriers that would exclude people or make it difficult for them to fully participate in society. People must be included in all aspects of life, not excluded from some of them because of an illness or disability. Example: – Providing a ramp to give wheelchair access too building. -Providing information in a range of languages and in audio format. Discrimination: Discriminate people on the grounds of age, gender, race, sexuality or ability can damage persons self esteem and reduce their ability to develop and maintain a sense of identity. When people are affected by discrimination they experience anger, humiliation, frustration and a feeling of hopelessness. They are made to feel worthless and at less value than others. Examples When weekly menus are being planned at a day centre, if no account is taken of the religious and cultural needs of people, you should challenge this and suggest changes. When individuals are affected by discrimination, they experience anger, humiliation, frustration and a feeling of hopelessness. They are made to feel worthless and of less value than others. Their families could feel the impact experienced by the individuals. Families could feel that they are treated in the same way as others and would feel that they do not live in a equal society. Wider society the discomfort, awkwardness, lost opportunities. This feeling could be reflected in various unhappy events in a society. It can include certain revolts and non participation in public responsibilities. Those who discriminate will have the side effects of false superiority, and may be ashamed if challenged. Promoting active participation- Active participation allows individual to realize their value and reduce isolation in such a way that an individual can gain self esteem which helps to reduce any form of abuse and discrimination. Quick and effective complaint procedure-Quick, serious, and effective complaint procedure helps to let individual to know that how seriously the act has taken and the consequences of discrimination and it restrains people to engage. Meetings and discussion: It helps to increase awareness and carefulness to discriminatory acts. Discussion and exercising this issue in day to day talks will help individual to challenge discrimination. Task B A social care worker must follow the legislation and cod of practice. There are so many Acts for the diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. They are: Equal pay Act 1970 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Race relation Act 1976 Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 Employment Equality Regulation 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 Equality Act 2006 Every social care worker must have a right to follow the legislation and code of practice. If we do not comply with any of the above laws, we can be answerable ICQ and it can lead to eventual disciplinary action and suspension from the place of work. C Inclusive practice means supporting diversity by accepting to welcome people’s differences and promote equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. In health care sector we demonstrate inclusive practice by recognizing respect, value and make most of all, aspects of diversity. Through share decision making, effective immunization and promoting dignity and respect, giving choices and rights are the ways of promoting equality. It is important to be aware about diversity, equality and inclusion. We can raise awareness by advertising in notice board. Another way to raise awareness is to attend courses to increase the knowledge and awareness. Task C Each and every person has different personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs. It may vary from person to person and depends upon the culture of the people. The fact that I am an Indian my personal beliefs about food, culture, marriage ND religion will be different compared with a person brought up in I-J. I think that it is difficult to compare someone brought up in India with someone brought up in I-J. Still I am looking after the people in I-J and I am working in a care sector. I have to recognize and respect people’s beliefs and preferences. My work setting should be a place in which diversity and differences are acknowledged and respected. One of the hardest things is to acknowledge our own prejudices and how they affect what we do at work. Prejudices are a result of our own beliefs and values and may often come into conflict with work situations. There is nothing wrong with having our beliefs and values. Everyone has beliefs and values and they play a vital role in what I am. I must be aware of them and how they may affect what I do at work. Exploring our own behavior is never easy and you need good support from either you supervisor or close friends to do it. You may be upset by what you find out about someone of our attitudes but knowing about them and acknowledging them is the first step of doing something about them. As a care worker it will be easier to make ere that you are practicing effectively with regular reviews. The confidence at work can be explicit in your own practices and attitudes. Once we are aware of our own beliefs and values and have recognized how important they are, we must be ready to accept the beliefs and values of others. The people we work with are different and so it is important to recognize and accept the diversity. We have to make sure that we always respond to people in a respectful way which ensures that they are valued. We need to understand what happens when people are not valued or respected. It is also important that we recognize the ways in which good practice helps to protect people from discrimination and exclusion. People should make choices about how they want to live their lives. Promoting equality and right is supported by the practical steps that we can take in day to day working activities to give people more choices and opportunities to take decisions about their own lives. Respecting people and valuing them as individuals is always going to be an important factor in promoting self esteem and well being. We have to make sure that our practice is inclusive and follow the policies and procedures of a care home. The national occupational standards define active support as working in a way that recognizes people have the right to take part in the activities and relationships of every day life as independently as they can. It supports them by helping with what they really manage to do themselves. We have to remember that we get regular feed back from people we support, colleagues as well as from our supervisor. Inclusive practices are varied, but broadly it is about ensuring that there are no arises that would exclude people or make it difficult for them to fully participate in society. People must be included in all aspects of life not excluded from some of them because of an illness or disability. Inclusive practice is about providing the support that people want in order to live their lives as fully as possible. Examples of inclusive practices Providing a ramp to give wheelchair access to a building. Providing information in a range of languages and in audio format. Overall practicing in an inclusive way means constantly asking what changes need to e done so that a particular person can participate and then doing whatever is within our areas of responsibility to make those changes happen. When we follow inclusive practice we have to follow the laws, national standards and code of practice, guidelines and polices. Now we have to understand that control to take decision is in the hands of people who are using the support services and they must be able to make choices about how, when and what level they want to be active participants in society. My nursing home arranged a day trip to Kendal for shopping and we could not take students who were using wheel chair because our trip was in a mini bus which cannot access wheelchair users. So it was a discrimination of wheelchair users. Actually we had to plan early for the trip and arrange facility to wheel chair access. We had planned a trip to visit a museum and we could not take a category of people with disabilities (dementia) due to the fact that it was situated where we could not take them. We had promised that we would take them for the trip. I think that it was a discriminatory practice. We could have found a place where everyone would have How to cite Discrimination, Papers Discrimination Free Essays string(145) " to the Territorial Application of all ECHR provisions is that it should be ratified by the by the member states that wish for it to be applied\." The European Convention on Human rights is a treaty that was created to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The treaty was created by the Council of Europe in hopes that atrocities that affect human lives are prevented and protected under the law. This is due to Post World War II events where the European states had to suffer unrest due to economic and social reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such the European convention was created in order to prevent similar instances of these events through the protection of the social and individual rights of individuals. The convention is separated into three main sections. The first section is the declaration of the rights and freedoms that member states will be upholding. Section two creates a system for its implementation and section three primarily discusses prescribed ways in order to develop, maintain and further human rights. This paper focuses on issues of discrimination that is affected by the convention.. Discrimination in general means the unfair treatment based on prejudice or preconceived ideas without the knowledge or examination. After the world war, Europe was divided and discrimination was rampant. Conflicts arose among the population since they discriminated against each other creating a chaotic environment that has been seen to be detrimental to the state. Discrimination of all kinds are prohibited under the convention since it causes various problems if practiced by government units. Discrimination according to the ECHR â€Å"The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social in origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.† Here we see that the analysis of the above provision that it generally prohibits discrimination of any kind based on their sex, race,   colour, language, religion , political or other opinions, national or social origins, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status. It essentially means that you will not be discriminated upon because of your person. No matter if an individual is male or female, whatever nationality or ethno linguistic group individual appears to be, no matter the colour of the skin, whatever language used, whatever religious affiliations or beliefs, no matter what an individual’s views and beliefs in life are, no matter what their social standing may be, no matter the circumstances of their birth or any other status that pertains to the personal identity of the person they are insured of being protected by the convention. This means that one will be treated based on what they are (citizens of the world) what they have done and not based on who they appear to be or based on biases of preconceptions. (Davis) The above line is Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights. It explicitly prohibits the instances of discrimination of any kind. It is mainly flawed because it does not assert that the right to the protection against discrimination in a general scope. It only insures the protection from discrimination with regards to other rights included in the convention. It does not insure universal protection against the discrimination only but only for those rights provided in the ECHR. If the discrimination does not affect any of the ECHR rights, then the protection of discrimination does not take effect, no matter how bad the discrimination may be. The ECHR, recognizing the weakness of this provision, ratified Protocol No. 12 which extends the scope of Article 14. Protocol no. 12 states that: (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The enjoyment of any right set forth by the law shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority property, birth or status. (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one shall be discriminated against by any public authority on any ground such as those mentioned in paragraph 1 Protocol 12 is a freestanding provision to protect individuals from discrimination –  · In enjoying any right within national law  · By public authorities carrying out their legal obligations, including when using discretionary powers such as grant making.  · Any other act, or failure to act, by a public authority.† Protocol no. 12 was ratified to be part of the ECHR after the Council of Europe’s 10 member states have ratified it in order for it to take effect. However it seems as though the UK government is not too keen about this protocol as they have yet to ratify the protocol. The UK government had already shown support for Protocol 12 but says that is not yet the time for it. On the other hand, UK has already passed the Human Rights Act of 1998 that also extends the scope of the provisions of the ECHR, though only making it more available to the people within their state. They are still, however, still limited by the same limitations as the ECHR. Discrimination in the ECHR also has elements to be considered. First is that another particular right ensured in the ECHR must first be breached and the second is that there must be no â€Å"objective and reasonable justification† or that there is no â€Å"reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized†. This means that the protection against discrimination must be raised only if one of the rights ensured in the ECHR is breached or violated. The claimant must then first prove that there is a breach upon at least one of the rights in the ECHR. The other element is that the claimant must also prove they have been given separate treatment than what would those who have experienced the same situation. The alleged discriminatory act must also not have any reason(s) for a person to be discriminated against in order for the case to be recognized by the courts. (Human Rights Case Digest) Territorial Application of ECHR (Article 56) The most important part to remember with regards to the Territorial Application of all ECHR provisions is that it should be ratified by the by the member states that wish for it to be applied. You read "Discrimination" in category "Papers" This means that they first need to accept the provisions of the ECHR before they are to implement it. Another is that ratification of the ECHR is also subject to the rules, regulations and policies of the local states where it has been ratified. This essentially means that the respective states have the authority to apply discretionary powers of their governments with regard to their own laws and regulations. Territorial Application also requires that the states who have ratified this convention must recognize the capabilities and the competence of the body created to manage and hear issues regarding the provisions of ECHR. The provisions are also affects not only the nation state that ratified it but also with regards to other states with which they have diplomatic relations with. UK on the other hand, created a law that incorporated the ECHR into their national laws. This is the Human rights act of 1998. This law also gave the UK local courts the authority to hear human rights cases within their territories and decide on these cases basing it on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. (Davis) UK, and all the other members of the Council of Europe, was given the authority not to adhere to certain provisions of the ECHR. This is under article 57 of the ECHR entitled â€Å"Reservations†. The Article 57 is a provision of the ECHR that gives the states whose laws and local regulations are in conflict with one of the provisions of ECHR are allowed to maintain their laws but under the notion that not the general ideas and principles of the Convention. This gave the UK the power not to accept protocol 12 where they have justified their reasons for not doing so. This is a power that was given to all member states. (Davis) UK and Protocol 12: Justification for non-ratification UK said that Protocol 12 is not realistic and not practical to be implemented because of three main reasons. The first one is that there is a vague definition of the scope of this law. They say that the exact scope of the statement, â€Å"rights set forth by law†. The second reason is that the Protocol does not recognize the European Court of Human Rights case law since it does not allow for â€Å"objectivity and reasonably justified distinctions† and the third reason is that they say that Protocol 12 â€Å"does not make Provision for positive measures†. This means that the UK government does not see any textual reference to a government’s action to permit positive and proportional action to determine the best action to enforce anti-discrimination practices. Everyone has the right to be protected from any form of discrimination but the ECHR focuses (but not limited to) on state-individual relations which means that they focus on cases which involves the states and individuals who claim to have been discriminated against. The reason for this is because of its aim to protect individuals from the state discrimination. They are principles that adhere to the protection of the right to freedom, liberty, property and equality among the people. Perhaps this could be better explained by the passage: â€Å"All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.† (Baker) This passage summarizes the underlying principle behind the effectivity of ECHR article 14. A government or public institution should not choose who to serve because they should serve without bias or discrimination among them. Although there are cases in which the government has the discretion to determine those who they may or may not serve. These instances include when it is in accordance to public policy, during instances of war or the government has decided that the suspension of the right against discrimination is will be beneficial to the state. These instances vary but usually always include the threat to national security. [8] The Concept of Equality; Analysis The Concept of Equality is the main reason for the implementation of this particular article. It provides that all men are created equal under the law, with the same rights and obligations that bind them with the state and the law that govern them. They are all given the same rights and freedoms as the other and the government becomes an impartial servant for its constituents to protect and preserve those rights and freedoms. The government, being the body that protects its constituents must remain impartial and aim to serve the people as best as it. The number of people they serve are among the millions and they are all different individuals, they believe in different things, they follow different cultures, they wear different clothes and they may also speak different languages. The only thing that should matter to the government is that they are all its constituents. They all deserve to be treated the same way as everyone else. The negative thing about the concept of discrimination is that it is not based on facts rather, it is based on hearsay and gossip which may or may not be true at all. It also generalizes the population and creates a certain feeling of superiority and inferiority. It also creates an illusion of â€Å"them and us† in which people are matched against people widening the gap between them to the point that they may no longer be able to work together. Discrimination creates conflict among the individuals who practice them.   It creates a division among the people and makes them go into a cycle of hate. They inflict upon each other unnecessary pain that is difficult to heal. Discrimination eventually leads to anger, hate and violence that could cause the lives of thousands and millions of people. In the issue of Nation Building, discrimination would prevent the development of a dominant national identity especially in countries such as the United Kingdom who are blessed with various cultures, peoples, beliefs traditions and ways of thinking. If everyone discriminated against everyone then they would not be able to do anything together. Nothing would be done. Everyone would just be stuck fighting one another. It becomes the government’s job to prevent such instances from happening in order to keep government functioning smoothly. In order to do so, it must first establish a culture of thinking and acting objectively in order to better serve the people. The government becomes a role model to follow when it comes to treating other people†¦ Conclusion The idea of the protection against non-discrimination is a concept based on unity and equality. The government (and all the peoples of the world) should all recognize the importance of the provision and its impact in both national and personal life. This protection and prohibition against discrimination offers each individual the chance to grow with the same opportunities that is given by their states, rights and freedoms. How to cite Discrimination, Papers

Diagnostic Criteria Essay Example For Students

Diagnostic Criteria Essay Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (e.g., weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected). Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles. (A woman is considered to have amenorrhea if her periods occur only following hormone, e.g., estrogen, administration.)Specify type:Restricting Type: during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)Binge-Eating/Purging Type: during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)GENERAL SUMMARYAnorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that usually strikes women. Of the 7 million women aged 15 to 35 who have an eating disorder, many will die from the complications of anorexia. Probably the most famous case is that of Karen Carpenter, who died from heart failure resulting from anorexia nervosa. This disease can be defined as self-starvation leading to a loss of body weight 15% below normal, accompanied with hyperactivity, hypothermia, and amenorrhea. Hypothermia results when the bodys natural insulation (fat stores) become non-existent and the victim becomes cold all the time. Amenorrhea is the absence of at least three menstrual cycles this is also affected by the loss of fat stores in the body. Anorexia may not be noticed in the early stages because it often starts as an innocent diet. They often become hyperactive because they exercise frantically in an attempt to burn calories to lose weight. In the later and more dangerous stages, the disease may not be noticed by family members because the anorexic usually wears layered and baggy clothes. Even though the anorexic is emaciated, she still feels fat and wants to hide her ugly, fat body. An anorexic may have ritualistic eating patterns such as cutting the food into tiny pieces and weighing every piece for food before she eats it. These behaviors can be found in people who are on a normal, healthy diet, but in anorexics these behaviors are extremely exaggerated. A number of research projects involving experimen- tal preventive measures have been reported in the current medical literature. Some of these experiments may prove to be helpful either in reducing the risk of anorexia nervosa, or perhaps preventing it altogether:(1) instruction on the harmful effects of unhealthy weight regulation;(2) intervention with programs of weight regulation by practicing sound nutrition and dietary principles and beginning a regimen of aerobic physical activity; and(3) development of coping skills for resisting the diverse sociocultural influences that appear linked to the current popular obsessions with thinness and dieting. Current ResearchThere are many reasons as to why women develop anorexia nervosa. One is that it is dieting taken to a dangerous extreme. Another is that societal pressures dictate a woman be thin in order to be beautiful the waif look was recently popular. But what these theories come down to is an issue of control. Whatever else is going on in the anorexics life, the one thing that she feels she can control is food. When problems in the family contribute to the feeling of loss of control, family therapy has provided a 90% improvement rate (Nichols ; Schwartz, 1991). Behavior therapy is also used to change the eating patterns of an anorexic who is seriously close to death. This is usually after the anorexic has been tube-fed to prevent death. Group and individual therapy has also proved effective it depends on the person and the situation. But it is usually very difficult for these interventions to be implemented because the anorexic is almost always in denial. She cannot recognize that there is a problem because she still feels and sees herself as being fat. If you know of someone who needs to be approached about an eating disorder, be prepared for resistance. Approach her when you think there is little chance of being interrupted. Know what you want to say, stay calm, and do not let the conversation escalate. Offer caring support, and supply information about sources where anorexics can obtain help in your community (Graves, 1994). Do these things, and anything else necessary to facilitate intervention, because she is slowly killing herself. Intervention is especially important, since recent research indicates that women suffering from anorexia nervosa are at much greater risk of dying than either female psychiatric patients, or the general population at large (Sullivan, 1995). Interpretive Two Kinds EssayWhen problems in the family contribute to the feeling of loss of control, family therapy has provided a 90% improvement rate (Nichols Schwartz, 1991). Behavior therapy is also used to change the eating patterns of an anorexic who is seriously close to death. This is usually after the anorexic has been tube-fed to prevent death. Group and individual therapy has also proved effective it depends on the person and the situation. But it is usually very difficult for these interventions to be implemented because the anorexic is almost always in denial. She cannot recognize that there is a problem because she still feels and sees herself as being fat. If you know of someone who needs to be approached about an eating disorder, be prepared for resistance. Approach her when you think there is little chance of being interrupted. Know what you want to say, stay calm, and do not let the conversation escalate. Offer caring support, and supply information about sources where anorexics can obtain help in your community (Graves, 1994). Do these things, and anything else necessary to facilitate intervention, because she is slowly killing herself. Intervention is especially important, since recent research indicates that women suffering from anorexia nervosa are at much greater risk of dying than either female psychiatric patients, or the general population at large (Sullivan, 1995). Another study involving a 10-year follow-up of 76 severely anorexic women has also shown such patients require intensive, on-going intervention to help them maintain normal weight and to help them avoid unsuitable eating behavior (Eckert and others, 1995). Although as yet highly speculative, a recent study has indicated the possibility that viral infections may play a causative role in some cases of anorexia nervosa (Park, Lawrie, and Freeman, 1995). Another new study indicates the possibility that children who display anxiety disorders between the ages of 5 and 15 may be expressing the first indication of a biological vulernability for anorexia nervosa (Deep and others, 1995). Generally speaking, early detection and treatment of this disease holds the greatest likelihood for positive outcomes (review: Woodside, 1995). Bodily EffectsIn a recent paper (Leibowitz, 1992) the neurochemical- neuroendocrine systems in the brain controlling macronutrient intake and metabolism are discussed. According to the author, appetite, energy balance, and body weight-gain are modulated by diverse neurochemical and neuroendocrine signals from different organs in the body and diverse regions in the brain. The hypothalamus plays an important integrative function in this process, acting through a variety of systems that involve a close interaction between nutrients, amines, neuropeptides and hormones. These systems underlie normal nutrient intake and metabolism and are thought to be responsible for shifts in feeding behavior across the circadian cycle and fluctuations relating to gender and age in both rats and humans. Moreover, alterations in these normal neurochemical-neuroendocrine systems may be associated with abnormal eating patterns, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia and obesity. Understanding the systems that control eating behavior might provide a foundation for the treatment and possible prevention of such disorders. In another study (Patton, 1992) dieting itself was examined relative to its role in anorexia nervosa. According to the author, dieting in young women is for the most part a transient and benign activity without longer-term consequences. However, a group of dieters do progress to develop the symptoms and behavior of eating disorders, so that dieting has been associated with an eight-fold rise in the risk of later eating disorder. Dieting or factors closely associated may account for most eating disorders in young women. Many antecedents of eating disorder appear to operate through increasing the risk of dieting rather than determining eating disorders specifically. Only the development of further neurotic and depressive symptoms characterizes dieters progressing to eating disorders. As the evidence implicating dieting in the origin of eating disorders becomes stronger so strategies for primary prevention become clearer. Anorexia NervosaAmerican DescriptionDiagnostic CriteriaRefusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (e.g., weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected). Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles. (A woman is considered to have amenorrhea if her periods occur only following hormone, e.g., estrogen, administration.)Specify type:Restricting Type: during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)Binge-Eating/Purging Type: during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas)

Supervision scenarios free essay sample

In the first supervision scenario there is an example of patient’s noncompliance with MDs protocol. The orthopedic MD should be contacted by PT prior to initiation of exercises to verify for any protocol adjustments. Since this case involves stretching that requires continuous examination and evaluation throughout the intervention it’s required to be performed exclusively by the physical therapist as stated in APTA Guidelines: â€Å"The physical therapist’s scope of practice as defined by the American Physical Therapy Association Guide to Physical Therapist Practice includes interventions performed by physical therapists. These interventions include procedures performed exclusively by physical therapists and selected interventions that can be performed by the physical therapist assistant under the direction and supervision of the physical therapist. Interventions that require immediate and continuous examination and evaluation throughout the intervention are performed exclusively by the physical therapist. † [1] However ATCs are trained and allowed to perform stretching for athletes since it’s part of athletic rehabilitation as supported by Illinois Athletic Trainers Practice Act: â€Å"[†¦] H. We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision scenarios or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Provision of on-site injury care and evaluation as well as appropriate transportation, follow-up treatment and rehabilitation as necessary for all injuries sustained by athletes in the program. † [2] Assignment #3 Supervision Scenario Case #1 I think the intervention could be delegated to ATC since Illinois Athletic Trainers Practice Act supports that. However according to APTA Guidelines for supervision of support personnel it should be performed under direct personal supervision as stated: â€Å"Physical therapy aides are any support personnel who perform designated tasks related to the operation of the physical therapy service. [†¦] Direct personal supervision requires that the physical therapist, or where allowable by law, the physical therapist assistant, be physically present and immediately available to direct and supervise tasks that are related to patient/client management. The direction and supervision is continuous throughout the time these tasks are performed. The physical therapist or physical therapist assistant must have direct contact with the patient/client during each session. †[3] Reference: 1. (PROCEDURAL INTERVENTIONS EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED BY PHYSICAL THERAPISTS HOD P06-00-30-36). 2. (225 ILCS 5/) Illinois Athletic Trainers Practice Act 3. (PROVISION OF PHYSICAL THERAPY INTERVENTIONS AND RELATED TASKS HOD P06-00-17-28 [Amended 06-99-10-12] Assignment #3 Supervision Scenario Case #2 In the second supervision scenario PT made mistakes by not verifying pt’s medical Hx and WB status with MD’s office or hospital and not being specific with type of hip replacement done prior to developing appropriate plan of care. A physical therapist may delegate a patient to a physical therapist assistant as long as at least general supervision occurs. In Illinois practice act we ca read: â€Å"A licensed physical therapist shall be accessible by telephone to the physical therapist assistant at all times while the physical therapist assistant is treating patients†[1]. However the major mistake made by the PT that could prevent THR complications is lack of the required supervisory visit as stated: â€Å" On-site supervision shall take place every four to six visits [†¦] The supervisory visit shall include a complete on-site functional assessment, an on-site review of activities with appropriate revision of treatment plan, and an assessment of the utilization of outside resources. † [1] Also APTA Guidelines support that: â€Å"[†¦] a supervisory visit by the physical therapist will be made: b. At least once a month, or at a higher frequency when established by the physical therapist, in accordance with the needs of the patient/client. c. A supervisory visit should include: i. An on-site reexamination of the patient/client. ii. On-site review of the plan of care with appropriate revision or termination. iii. Evaluation of need and recommendation for utilization of outside resources. † [2] Assignment #3 Supervision Scenario Case #2 At the same time the PTA observing the patient condition should have reported it to the PT : â€Å"The physical therapist assistant shall: Observe patients progress and response to treatment, and report to the physical therapist. † [1] Also, per APTA Guidelines : â€Å"In those situations in which a physical therapist assistant is involved in the care of a patient/client, a supervisory visit by the physical therapist will be made: a. Upon the physical therapist assistants request for a reexamination, when a change in the plan of care is needed, prior to any planned discharge, and in response to a change in the patient’s/client’s medical status. † [2]

What to Expect From a Chinese Fortune Teller

What to Expect From a Chinese Fortune Teller Having one’s fortune told through Chinese fortune telling (ç ®â€"å‘ ½, suan ming) is a routine practice in Chinese culture. Consulting a fortune teller is nearly compulsory before major events, like Chinese New Year, wedding engagements, and the birth of children. Whether for entertainment or out of a strong belief in superstition, getting your fortune told by a Chinese fortune teller can be a memorable experience. Here is what to expect when it comes to prices, methods, and more. Cost The cost of a fortune telling session varies based on the city, fortune telling method, and what specifically the recipient wants to know. Getting an answer to one question, like finding a lover or a job, costs less than getting an overall fortune for the coming year, decade, or life. Basic fortune telling in Taipei starts at $15. Where to Find a Chinese Fortune Teller Fortune tellers can often be found in or near Buddhist and Taoist temples in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Outside of China and Taiwan, fortune tellers can also be found in Chinatowns around the world. What to Expect The fortune telling session takes place at a table or desk with the fortune teller and customer sitting across from or next to each other. In many instances, there is little privacy as fortune telling tables or booths are located next to each other with just a flimsy wall to partition them. In many large cities like Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei, it is possible to have your fortune told in English. Methods There are over a dozen types of Chinese fortune telling methods, but nearly all are based on the Chinese Almanac. The most basic method of Chinese fortune telling in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and other countries like the U.S. remains virtually the same regardless of location. All a person needs to have his or her fortune told, or that of a friend of family member, is the  first and last name, birth date, and age. For Westerners, be sure to add one year to your current age because the first year of life in Chinese culture is counted at birth whereas babies in the West do not turn one until a year after their birth. Additional information like time of birth and a person’s address is sometimes required for certain fortune telling methods. Oftentimes, fortune tellers use one or more methods to reveal your fortune. For example, palm and face readings or ‘bean’ fortune telling may be combined with  basic fortune telling  to generate a more accurate reading. Other methods that a fortune teller might use include coin divination,  Chien Tung or Chinese fortune sticks,  bird fortune telling, or using  red divination blocks to tell your fortune.

Analysing operational risk failure of Barings bank Essay

Analysing operational risk failure of Barings bank - Essay Example At the heart of the devastating scam was a person with a huge appetite for risk-taking but hardly any accountability towards the bank, Nick Leeson. Overnight, the unscrupulous futures' trader from London who was previously the poster boy for Barings' high-growth earnings from Singapore's premium monetary exchange, SIMEX (In 1993, he documented nearly 10% of the bank's profits in futures' trading), took special advantage of the bank's vulnerability in not being able to hedge the risks that come with dealing in a concern as sensitive as this. This is what happened. Nick Leeson's job as Chief Trader at SIMEX was to buy and sell the simplest kind of derivatives pegged to the Nikkei-225 stock exchange of Japan. This job entails the methodology of a skilled bookie who basically, bets on what people are likely to bet on in the future course. Despite booking profits on various occasions, some of Leeson's predictions proved incorrect. The idea to fool the bank management in covering up details of unsuccessful tradings came from devising an unaudited bank account, called error account 88888, to fix 20,000 goofed up by an inexperienced team member, which was later to serve as Leeson's personal getaway in covering up failed investment strategies. Even as the entire audit team of Barings' was kept in dark about what was the tip of the iceberg then, Leeson managed to document account losses which were initially at 2 million in 1992 to an astronomical figure of 208 million by 1994. The final blow came when Leeson pulled out a short-selling stunt by compromising derivatives at the Japanese and Singapore stock exchanges. An earthquake in Japan in Jan, 1995 upset his apple cart, the Nikkei plummeting by 7.7% overnight, the repercussions being felt across much of the Asian markets. Leeson desperately hoped for a recovery post-quake but, the trouble grew deeper as Barings' liabilities upward of 1 billion came to the fore. Before the bank authorities could take corrective action, the worst had happen, and one of the most glaring financial scams of recent history captured our imagination. Leeson later served a 4-year prison sentence in Singapore, eventually returned to the UK as a "celebrity", and ironically today, is a much sought-after speaker in guiding corporations and banks to manage risk in their financial dealings. While the Barings' episode is painfully over, the chances of another scam of this magnitude should not be ruled out. It is with this objective in mind that we must understand the mechanics of operational-risk management when applied to financial tradings. While analysing the basics of this study, we will simultaneously try to picture what happened in Barings, and what could have been done to arrest the ugly development. To understand the guidelines of

Information Systems in Banks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Information Systems in Banks - Coursework Example The failure of the projects is only due to mismanagement of information systems. They recommended revising the system for companies' betterment. This research has been carried out as a project management task that mostly concentrates on information systems primarily focusing on banks. After going through the literature it has been noticed out that, though whole process is getting segmented in some of the approach for making the project more efficient but, due to inadequate flow between the sections and improper mapping total outcome is not coming satisfactory. Here, one business process model is proposed that can be implemented in finance companies for transactions easiness, efficient account handling and providing a common framework worldwide. One flow chart is also provided stating how simple transaction can take place with the proposed model. Finally, it is concluded with the theme, let information system can be maximally utilized into industries and we are in a position to cross another milestone. The future scope of this research can be developing another model which will incorporate many other constraints that have not been used here only due to tool unavailability. The main purpose of this research is to seek for the barriers that usage of Information System (IS) in industry like bank, construction etc are facing and analyze the applicability of project management approach to them. Land (2004) defined information system as system which aims to store and manage information. Informatization is a process of minimizing cultural and economic barriers by information and communication technology after proper transforming its economic and social relationships (Kluver, 2000). Informatization of a company results into reduction of total cost and this key knowledge has increased the possibility of organizations to use IT. Back and Moreau (2000) showed that the potential benefits of information management only can be fully maximized by making possible the information exchange throughout the organization and also across all its boundaries if it has any. For this reason, integration and preservation of project information is a vital thing. Due to the rapid change in business to make the company more flexible, a methodology is needed which can permit planning, analysis and redesign of a process after taking into account of the available technology and resources. In this report, role of IT in industry and their effectiveness in the growth of an organization are described. As Price System noticed that

History Of Programming Languages Information Technology Essay

History Of Programming Languages Information Technology Essay Ford states that computers can only obey instructions that are issued to them.   In order for the instructions to be understood by both user and the computer there needs to be an interface to aid in the communication. This is where computer programming languages come in their primary function   is to aid the communication between the computer and the user. They provide a link between the human language and the machine language.   There is a huge variety of programming languages and each language has its own set of strengths and weaknesses and is geared with specific applications. Even though there is a huge number of computer languages out there today, computer languages are a fairly new field, since the first high-level languages were written in the 1950s, around the time computers were invented.   The earliest computers were programmed in binary so the set of instructions was just a series of 0 and 1. The interface back then was low-level language when a computer is given a series of instruction via a program, the computer executes the task and the interface in which the user communicates with the computer can either be a low- level or a high-level language. A high -level language does not communicate directly to the computer. Rather, high level languages is a language with a series of abstractions. Higher level languages allow the programmer to communicate more conveniently to the computer. Programming languages, together with their compilers span the gap between low-level, or binary, instructions that helps the machine understand and the high level languages, which allows the programmer to be more expressive. In software development, the programming language must be compatible with the design methodology at the design stage of software development. A facility is viewed as consisting of tools and methodologies and these should be compatible for maximum benefits. It is necessary to examine the relationship of the programming language to other components of a software development facility the first programming languages were designed for programming rather than for software development. However, even if a language was not designed with the goal of software production in mind, it must be evaluated on that criterion because that is the desired end. As a result, the software development process has imposed language design goals. First, reliability users should feel comfortable in using the programming language even in the presence of infrequent of undesirable events like hardware or software failures. This is also linked to correctness software is correct if it behaves according to its specifications the more rigorously and unambiguously the specifications are set down, the more convincingly program correctness can be proved. Reliability consists of readability, writability in the language and the ability to deal with exceptions, or so that the system is predictable even in abnormal situation. Second, maintainability software costs have risen and increasingly complex software systems have been developed, so economic considerations have reduced the possibility of throwing away existing software and developing similar applications from scratch. Existing software must be modified to meet new requirements. Examples of a language being modifiable is Modifiable examples are allowing constants to be given symbolic names, or just altering something in one line of the program to be changed and implemented in many other places in the program.Third, efficiency always a goal for the execution of any software system, and affects both the programming language and the choice of algorithms to be used.Efficiency is no longer measured by the execution of speed and space. The initial effort required to produce a program and the effort required in maintenance are also components of efficiency. Language supports efficiency if it has qualities of writability, maintainability, and optimizability. Optimizability is the quality of allowing automatic program optimization. This is important because a lot of the time traditionally spent in programming is spent on trying to find an efficient way of doing things. This should be removed from the early stages of the programming. So a developer should first write a program that is demonstrably correct, th en through a series of efficiency improving transformations, modify the program to obtain a correct and efficient one. Generally, features that promote optimizability hamper readability.These three goals can be achieved by appropriate tools and should be the certain characteristics of the programming language. Technically speaking, users use two sets of commands when they program on a modern computer; one for the operating system and one for the programming language. The operating system is basically a program which is loaded each time the computer is turned on and provides the set of instructions for the programmer to control operations in the computer. These operations include logging in, loading files, displaying information, and running a program. The operating system program provides the facilities to allow communication between the user and the computer to be initiated and continued. A translation program is needed to convert a programming language to translate a higher level programming language to the executable machine code so that the computer processor may understand. The two means of translating higher level languages are by compilers and interpreters. Compilers take the source code of the higher level programming language and converts it into object code (the 1s and 0s). This converts the entire program in one go and then resaves it in its converted form.   he translated object code is then linked and run. One of the advantages of using a compiler is that there are no errors in the syntax when the program is run since it would have shown up earlier at the translation stage. However, a compiler requires space to accommodate both the source and object files. On the other hand, interpreters look at the program statement by statement and translate and execute the single statement before going on to the next. This means that translation and the execution happ en simultaneously, not separately as with the compiler. The main advantage of the interpreter is that it is more effective in   debugging programs. However, interpreters suffer from poor execution speeds than compilers since each line has to be translated and executed, whereas the compilers translates it all at once. Programs, on the other hand,   have been around since the first computing device. The oldest artificial computing device, other than the abacus, is the Blaise Pascal/s Arithmetic Machine. Before computer programming languages were made, paper tapes and punch cards which held complicated weaving patterns for the loom Tabulating Machine Company Looms by Jacquard in 1710. A century   later, Charles Babbage starting building a computing machine and the Analytical Machine. In the 20th century, Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine a while later. His machine Tabulators were used to speed up the counting and sorting punch cards. In the early 1940s J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly started building the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), which was completed in 1946. Around the same time, near the end of World War II, Konrad Zuse began building his second generation electromechanical computers in Germany. After Zuse successfully completed building his com puter in 1945, he realized that he had no additional equipment for repairs or any kind of hardware development. He then turned his focus from hardware toward designing programming languages. Zuse is often referred to as the father of todays computer programming due to his contribution to the first programing language which was powerful enough to be able to express sophisticated programs. History of Programming Languages Software development process originally consisted only of the coding phase. The computer was mainly used in the early days in scientific applications an application was programmed by one person. The problem to be solved, like a differential equation, was well-understood. There was not much need for requirements analysis or design specification or even maintenance. The first programmable computers only spoke machine language, which is well known to be unreadable and tedious to work with. After, programming languages evolved to assembly languages which quickly became popular and   lot easier to work with. A disadvantage is that the assembly language is very limited since it only provides facilities already in the machine code. The assembly language gives the programmer access to the machine code instructions and the macros. The macros offers a single instruction to give a combination a combination of several machine code instructions and provide common requirements.   The introduction of assembly language in the 1950s paved the way and provided the key to later productions of of high level computer programming languages.The machine code and the assembly language are typically known as low-level languages. Assembly language offers the programmer the advantage of being able to specify where the programmer wants to allocate where the memory and data will start. This relieves some responsibility of the programmer to keep careful control over the memory. High level languages, on the other hand, take all responsibility away from the programmer. Rather, the use of variable names allow the programmer to reference particular parts of a program.   When computers were first electronically created, the limitations from the hardware forced programmers to write programs that directly communicated with the computers machine code. This was the assembly language. The assembly language implemented the symbols and number representations from the machine codes. Working with assembly languages was a very tedious and inefficient task. Assemblers created object code, or a system of instructions that executed directly by the computers central processing unit (CPU). An advantage to writing a program in the assembly language was the that it took less time to execute since it was a direct execution from the CPU. However, there were many disadvantages of writing programs in the assembly languages. Assembly language   associated the machine-language code to symbolic representations in the human language. This was one of the reasons why, it was so tedious to program with the assembly language. A programmer needed to be highly skilled and famili ar with assembly language to communicate with the assembly code. Additionally, written programs in assembly language were very prone to errors.   The assembly languages are often referred to low-level languages since it execute directly from the CPU. In order to solve this problem, a high-level programming language was created with a set of instructions more closely associated to the human language.   FORTRAN The very first high-level programming language was FORTRAN, which stands for FORmula TRANslation , It was developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in 1956, but first developed in 1954) by John Backus, a worker at IBM.  FORTRANs goal was to ease the pain of writing in assembly language.  When FORTRAN was first introduced, it was looked on suspiciously since almost all the programmers then only worked with the machine code and assembly languages. The programmers at that time had an initial belief that programs compiled from high-level language would be less efficient than those written at low-level. In order to persuade potential users of the benefits of working with a high-level language, Backus designed an excellent compiler for FORTRAN so the programs were just as efficient as those written in low-level languages. This was the best compiler for many years.   Ã‚   FORTRAN soon became popular because it provided a realistic and desirable alternatives to low-level language programming for mathematical and scientific applications. This programming language was also the first to be widely used. However, one of the limitations of FORTRAN was that it was specifically oriented toward the IBM 704 machine. This is a major set-back since the language syntax contains many idiosyncrasies from the IBM 704 machine.  From a pure programming language design standpoint this is a cardinal sin but historically, it is understandable. FORTRAN is known for its efficiency. Over the years, FORTRAN had been upgraded and developed into FORTRAN -II,  FORTRAN -IV,  FORTRAN -66, and  FORTRAN -77. Early versions of FORTRAN largely restricted users. On the other hand, the later versions allowed more flexibility, but since it has adapted, it is not as easy to use as it should be. The development of the fast string processing makes FORTRAN more of a general-purpose la nguage than it used to be, but it is still described as a mathematical or scientific language.   Lisp In contrast to FORTRAN, Lisp was first developed in 1956 as a functional language for list processing. LISP is one of the most used of the old, classical programming languages developed in the 1950s. The design was motivated by the need of Artificial Intelligence researchers for an appropriate language. But gradually replaced or challenged in AI applications by Prolog. There are very few  language  constraints in LISP.   Lists are the sole data structure and the only operations are function invocations, conditional expressions and recursion. Iteration is achieved by  recursion. Lisp is one of the very few functional as opposed to procedural programming languages.  A procedural language requires the user to express each step in performing an action whereas a functional language merely specifies what has been done.   Cobol Another first generation computer program language that impacted the design of recent languages was Cobol (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Cobol was created by Grace Hopper in 1960 and was heavily supported by the U.S. government. Cobol was originally designed to be the common business language in the nation. The design of Cobol was discussed in the pentagon with 6 computer manufacturers.   This maybe why the language is still in use even though it is very wordy and lacking in logical modules resulting in a unique English-like style that some have described as verbose. One of the advantages of   Cobol is is certain applications involving processing dollars and cents. Other advancements in Cobol include the character string data. Cobol is generally used globally in the government and military. Overall, Cobol was, and is still important because of its use for business applications. The first three high level languages mentioned FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL were and still widely used, or have descendants that are widely used. These languages, with their diverse purposes, set the foundation for most of todays programming languages. BASIC Once the use of high-level languages became more widespread, programmers wanted to create   a programming language that would serve as an easy introduction to FORTRAN.   As a result, BASIC was designed by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny   at Dartmouth College in 1963-1964 as an easy and interactive language. However, now BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is the most used language on microcomputers.The main purpose was to be a simple introduction which would prepare students to use FORTRAN later. BASIC was easier to program and had a user-friendly syntax than FORTRAN. The only aspect in which FORTRAN is better than BASIC is that it FORTRAN has more advanced features. BASIC is a general purpose language.Since the earliest use of BASIC was in education, the original language was fairly primitive and had only single variable names. However, people discovered that BASIC could be used as an applications programming language.   Interestingly enough, BASIC was not very popular when it first came out. However, microcomputers adopted BASIC as the preferred language since it was an interpretive language. Also, BASIC, in new forms, is still widely used. For example, BASIC is the foundation and large influence for languages like Microsoft Visual Basic and the object-oriented language Visual Basic .NET. Algol-60   Many other programs sprang up to improve the FORTRAN language. Algol-60 was created in  1958 as an improvement of FORTRAN . Then it was then redesigned, improved, and the final report was published in 1960. The key features of Algol-60 are that the syntax and the semantics are more orthogonal and that the language syntax is defined formally. This language is one of the most ingenious language definition efforts in the early days of programming languages, but never received widespread acceptance. The main language innovations are that Algol implemented a nested block structure, where code sequences and their associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without the need to be separate, explicitly named procedures. Also, Algol featured lexical scoping where a block can consist of private variables, procedures and functions but is invisible to code outside of the block, which is mainly information hiding. It is argued that Algol 60 is an obvious milestone to the development of programming languages because of its introduction of key concepts and its first use of formal notation for syntax. A large portion of the theoretical, practical and compiler work since Algols introduction has used Algol as the foundation. The main flaws, however, were the omission of IO and to a lesser degree the costly parameter passing method By Name. There are many improvements to the Algol-60 such as the Algo-W which was designed in the mid 1960s. Algol-W is very closely related to the Algol-60 even though they are not compatible with each other. The greatest difference between the Algol-W and the Algol-60 was that parameters no longer passes by name and that the For Statement was redesigned. The next three programming languages Pascal, C and Prolog, developed in 1970 and 1972 respectively, are some of the key languages of the period of a boom of programming languages, though C and Prolog spawned meaningful descendant languages. Most importantly, this period was when language paradigms, or certain styles were created. The paradigms are object-oriented programming, imperative programming, logic programming, and functional programming, and some may add the concurrent and database paradigms. This period of programming development also spurred the great goto and structured programming debate where structured programming forced structure on the programmer in language development. However, there is a general consensus that the goto statement should not be used because it has the potential of making programs hard to read because a user will have to jump around in a program to search for all the targets of goto statements and the existence of goto statements complicates automat ic optimization. Pascal One of the largest criticisms with the early computer programming languages were that it was not portable. Languages like BASIC was non-standard in nature. BASIC programs written in one system   often had to be completely rewritten for another make of a computer. To solve this problem, Pascal was designed between 1968 and 1970 by Niklaus Wirth of Zurich. Pascal was strongly influenced by Algo-w, a close relative to Algo-60. Pascal was intended as a teaching tool for illustrating the proper design data structures and structured statements. One of the greatest advantages in Pascal is its portability. Unlike FORTRAN and BASIC, Pascal has a self-compiler which allows programs in Pascal to be moved from different systems. Additionally, Pascal was so well-suited for compiler writing that the CDC-660 compiler could translate the whole compiler in a few seconds. Pascal is also a well structured language because it allows a series of statement to be grouped together,   their programs are made to be very readable,   and they have a provision of versatile procedure and function facilities. Mayer (1988) states that Pascal is a too good a language for the modest aim for which it was invented (p. 10). The greatest limitations however, was that it was not designed with a specific area of application in mind. Therefore, Pascal is more of a general purpose language but lacks special features for particular application. C The programming language C was created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It is a general-purpose, not very high level language and   mainly used as the systems language for the operating system UNIX. The chief design goal of C was to be a tool for working programmers, and therefore useful. C is a very popular language for the development of applications since it is flexible, convenient, powerful, efficient, and portable. Since it is a modern language, C provides the comprehensive range of control structures needed to allow well-structured programs to be written. C does not behave like a typical high level language because it offers features similar to low level languages since it is very similar to the source code. Basically, C is a systems language that features low level access with high level operators. Prolog Prolog is a non-procedural language with a focus on logic programming. In a Prolog program, it is not only necessary to express how a problem is to be solved but its not even possible to express this. The programmer specifies only what has to be done and Prolog does the rest the program requires a data base of facts or knowledge the programmer will ask questions and Prolog responds with the list of all possible correct answers that are inferred from the data base of facts. Prologs clauses for establishing the data base can be executed in any order they can be run in parallel. As a result, Pascal became a natural candidate as the systems language on the Japanese fifth generation supercomputers, or inference engines because Pascal achieves considerable speed even though a typical, single Prolog operation consumes a lot of processor time. In general, Pascals main use was for general and educational purpose and supported structured programming. The next two programs, in particular Ada, reflect the period of language design where scaling up to large systems was big with the use of modules which also increased the use of generics, or generic programming constructs, which are parameterized modules. Also, the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) movement gave rise gearing hardware design from assembly programmers and for compilers resulting in more focus in compilation technology for high level programming languages. Ada In the 1980s additional computer program languages were created to match with the speed and efficiency advancement of the computer. In  1983   after almost a decade of careful study of previous errors in programming language design – promising  Ada  introduced. Ada was expected by some in the computer science field to be the first language with the potential of becoming the universal, almost exclusive language of the future for embedded systems. The focus of the design of Ada was driven by the U.S. Department of Defense, who wanted a program that would reduce the number of military standard languages.  Ada had  the unique advantage of having been defined as an American National Standard before any implementation became available, saving it from a proliferation of corrupted language versions.   Ada  incorporates Pascals best ideas and corrected errors and omissions and has a much wider range of applications than Pascal   also  Ada  is strongly typed.  Ad as  problems are that IO is not defined as part of the language etc. In general, Adas intended purpose was to be a general purpose, real-time language with embedded applications. C ++ Another computer program language that object-oriented and systems programming designed int he 1980s is C++. C++ was unique in that it tried to mix in the high-level language features with low-level language features, making it a medium-level language. C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 originally as C with Classes. In 1983, the name was changed to C ++. C++ is one of the most popular languages ever created and is widely used in the software industry. C++ is based off of C and it even compatible with C. The improvements of C++ from C is the addition of classes, exception handling, virtual functions, operator overloading, user-controlled free-store memory control, and improved type checking. Stroustrup designed C ++ as the ideal program to work with software. When  Stroustrup was working in Software Development, he found that the program Simula had very useful features, but the program was too slow to use. Heavily influenced by Simula, he based his improvements of C on fea tures in Simula and combined it with the speed and efficiency of C. However, there are some major criticisms of C++. Critics argue that C++ is too complicated. The language definition document of C ++ is almost three times as long as the language definition of C. Other drawbacks of C++ are that there are no features that create multi-threaded software and lacks a garbage collection. JAVA JAVA was created to simplify C ++ and was created due to the rise of the Web. JAVA was developed by James Gosling in 1991, and released in 1995. JAVA s syntax is heavily derived from C ++, but has a much simpler object model and has less low-level facilities.   Ã‚  The five goals of JAVA are: 1) Simple, object oriented, and familiar 2) Secure 3) Architecture neutral and portable 4) High performance 5) Interpreted, threaded, and dynamic.   In contrast to C ++, JAVA is  object-oriented, platform-independent, multi-threaded.   JAVA is used as a foundation of Web, network services, applications, and many embedded devices in addition to the programming language HTML. Another feature of JAVA is that it allows programmers to write software on one platform, also know as the hardware architecture, and run it on another platform. Overall, JAVA meets most its goals, it is familiar since it is closely related to C++ and its platform allows for JAVAs programs to be portable. It has features that are lacking in C ++ such as an automatic garbage collector to manage the Internet. One of the major drawbacks of JAVA, however, is that its run time is a bit slow. Also, the majority of JAVA is opened sourced. JAVA is one of the many new languages that appeared in the 1990s in response to the boom of the Internet. All the developed languages of this time were object-oriented languages. Other languages introduced at this time were PHP a nd Python. Convergence some languages may reach a dead end. The evolution of languages is convergence the space of possibilities is smaller and partly because mutations are not random language designers deliberately incorporate ideas from other languages. Current Issues with Programming Languages With the growing open source community, almost anyone can develop a programming language. However, this poses several problems. Graham explains that this may result in a type of developed language called top-heavy, which is a language with a poorly designed inner core but has very powerful libraries of code to solve for specific problems so the libraries are vastly more important than the core language. Also, Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, points out some of the current issues with modern programming languages and software development. These days, average pieces of code have poor structure and programmers clearly dont think deeply about correctness, algorithms, data structures or maintainability. He said that today, most people dont actually read code. Developers concentrate on getting the job done by excessively using brute force and testing, though these are usually not enough. They become skilled in building reliable systems out of unreliable parts, and somehow, the syst em shapes into something minimally acceptable, even though the developers dont know how or why. The issue here is that developers need to pursue more correct, solid and secure systems instead of going the cheapest and fastest route that contain a lot of bugs. Today, developers are undereducated and under trained.   Programming languages should not be more complex than necessary, but they should not be decreased in level of expressiveness to serve people who can hardly understand the real problem to be solved and the concepts. Another issue is that it is difficult to implement incremental change directly related to real-world systems in academia. Theory and practice rarely meet researchers gear away from real-world software development to academic topics, and many developers ignore research results. If this could change, then possibly Stroustrups criticisms of todays development could change so that developers are more educated and develop more correct, maintainable and efficient code. More specifically, a current issue with programming languages is security and reliability. There are mechanisms being developed and implemented to add safety to languages like extended static checking, information flow control and static thread safety. A program is considered thread safe if it functions correctly during simultaneous execution by multiple threads so that there is no unwanted interaction between threads. Type safety and access control are also    Why are there so many programming languages? There are more than 8,500 total programming languages, according to HOPL (History Of Programming Languages). As demonstrated previously, the many thousand programming languages developed over the years is a result of the growing number of applications and uses for languages and also updated and revised versions of existing programming languages. Over the past years, more and more programming languages have been developed for application in different areas like nuclear power plants or patient monitoring systems, etc. Also, more and more programming languages have been developed for users with little or no computer background. Most programming languages, as mentioned before, are descendants of already existing ones (more economically feasible than creating new languages). One may argue that there is a self-perpetuating cycle that leads to the development of programming languages. Developers notice shortcomings in using their current programming language, make a list of the current annoyances and they look for a new, little known language that has a lot fewer of these annoyance. Then, the developers will drive the development   of the new language by contributing code, writing powerful libraries and spreading the word of their newly developed language so that it is implemented in their workplace and then after a while, these developers will notice shortcomings in their current programming language leading into the cycle. However, even though a newly developed programming language gets rid of shortcomings of its ancestor language, new shortcomings arise. To answer the question of why there are so many languages, computer scientists have explained the concept of a programming languages and their uses in analogies. A programming language can be seen as a tool like a certain type of saw or screwdriver that is specially designed and used for certain situations and problems. However, there are also overlaps in ways that some programming languages have many similarities or may be descendants of others. Certain classes of problems require, or can be solved more effectively with certain languages. In addition, each language can be seen as a form of expression programmers find certain languages easier to use or understand as their own unique way of expression. Paul Graham describes the notion of a programming language renaissance. Until the 1980s, only professors or corporate researchers had the ability to develop programming languages because their institutions had the financial means t